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German literature comprises those literary texts written in the German language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German part of Switzerland, and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora. German literature of the modern period is mostly in Standard German, but there are some currents of literature influenced to a greater or lesser degree by dialects (e.g. Alemannic). Medieval German literature is literature written in Germany, stretching from the Carolingian dynasty; various dates have been given for the end of the German literary Middle Ages, the Reformation (1517) being the last possible cut-off point. The Old High German period is reckoned to run until about the mid-11th century; the most famous works are the ''Hildebrandslied'' and a heroic epic known as the ''Heliand''. Middle High German starts in the 12th century; the key works include ''The Ring'' (ca. 1410) and the poems of Oswald von Wolkenstein and Johannes von Tepl. The Baroque period (1600 to 1720) was one of the most fertile times in German literature. Modern literature in German begins with the authors of the Enlightenment (such as Herder). The Sensibility movement of the 1750s-1770s ended with Goethe's best-selling ''Die Leiden des jungen Werther'' (1774). The Sturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism movements were led by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller. German Romanticism was the dominant movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Biedermeier refers to the literature, music, the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 (Vienna Congress), the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions. Under the Nazi regime, some authors went into exile (''Exilliteratur'') and others submitted to censorship ("internal emigration", ''Innere Emigration''). The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to German language authors thirteen times (as of 2009), or the third most often after English and French language authors (with 27 and 14 laureates, respectively), with some of the winners including Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, and Günter Grass. ==Periodization== Periodization is not an exact science but the following list contains movements or time periods typically used in discussing German literature. It seems worth noting that the periods of medieval German literature span two or three centuries, those of early modern German literature span one century, and those of modern German literature each span one or two decades. The closer one nears the present, the more debated the periodizations become. * Medieval German literature * * Old High German literature (750-1050) * * Middle High German literature (1050–1300) * * Late medieval German literature/Renaissance (1300–1500) * Early Modern German literature (see Early Modern literature) * * Humanism and Protestant Reformation (1500–1650) * * Baroque (1600–1720) * * Enlightenment (1680–1789) * Modern German literature * * 18th- and 19th-century German literature * * * ''Empfindsamkeit'' / Sensibility (1750s-1770s) * * * ''Sturm und Drang'' / Storm and Stress (1760s-1780s) * * * German Classicism (1729–1832) * * * * Weimar Classicism (1788–1805) or (1788–1832), depending on Schiller's (1805) or Goethe's (1832) death * * * German Romanticism (1790s-1880s) * * * Biedermeier (1815–1848) * * * Young Germany (1830–1850) * * * Poetic Realism (1848–1890) * * * Naturalism (1880–1900) * * 20th-century German literature * * * 1900-1933 * * * * Fin de siècle (c. 1900) * * * * Symbolism * * * * Expressionism (1910–1920) * * * * Dada (1914–1924) * * * * New Objectivity (''Neue Sachlichkeit'') * * * 1933-1945 * * * * National Socialist literature * * * * Exile literature * * * 1945-1989 * * * * By country * * * * * Federal Republic of Germany * * * * * German Democratic Republic * * * * * Austria * * * * * Switzerland * * * * * Other * * * * By thematic or group * * * * * Post-war literature (1945–1967) * * * * * Group 47 * * * * * Holocaust literature * * Contemporary German literature (1989-) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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